An image is a portrait when it is taken to show the person and their emotions in their face, where as a fashion photograph is used to show what the model is wearing or what make up they have on. In some occasions in fashion photography the image will look like a portrait because the model will show emotion in their poses, but a real portrait would in circumstances be more of a natural emotion instead of put on to sell the image.
This picture shows what a natural portrait would look like, it is clear what emotions the girl in the picture is feeling because there is no other main focus besides her face, where as a fashion photograph will look like the one below not much real emotion shown just a model in a stance to show off a product.
2. To what degree should an image manipulated to go into a fashion magazine?
In fashion manipulating a photograph can help sell more because it will catch their target audiences eye and make the want to look like the person in the picture, ethically the photographer shouldn't allow his pictures to be manipulated in a way that completely transforms a model into a different person. Photograph manipulation can count as removing red eye from a picture or adding a black and white effect but that usually doesn't bother many people because most of the people that look at the magazines will do the same thing to their photographs before printing them or putting them on social networks. Many magazines have come under some scrutiny for making known actress'/models look much thinner than they actually are or changing parts of their face to suit their demographic, while it is not illegal for them to do it, it is morally wrong and can sometimes damage a magazines image and lose them customers. I think a the most a photograph should be manipulated is to remove red eye and small blemishes, the only time i would say it's ethically okay to manipulate a lot of a picture is if it is very unflattering.
3. Is there a clash between the creative and commercial side of fashion Photography?
I think the creative side of photography can work very well with the commercial side it all just depends on who you're target audience is, there will be times when a photographer will have a very creative idea but it won't be accepted because the publisher won't think that the people reading their book/magazine will have any interest in seeing something like that, for example a women's fashion magazine wouldn't want to see a picture of a big fish jumping out of a fish tank like the one below. So in my opinion i think the two shouldn't clash if the ideas are used to fit to the book/magazines target audience.
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